[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] What are bio-informatics, bio medical engineering and chemical engineering?
pls tell me about the eligilibity for da above cources.
Not sure what bio-informatics is. You could probably google that. But bio and chem engineering are going to be similar in the fact that they're both engineering disciplines. They will train you to think like an engineer and solve problems like an engineer. The bio or chem part will be more closely related to the job you might get when you graduate. Chem will deal with a lot of chemistry (obviously). you could prolly find something in the polymeric industry. Bio will be more biology and you can work for companys like bosten scientific testing or making medical supplies, devices, or even body parts.
The use of any art medium requires a little knowledge. This article focuses on the tools you should use, and some of the techniques of pencil drawing.
Firstly, consider the pencils themselves. In my experience, paying more for a pencil merely buys a better quality casing; the performance of the leads is pretty similar across the price range.
The import thing when buying graphite pencils is to have a range of different grades. “H” pencils have hard leads. “B” pencils have soft leads. The higher the H or B number, the harder or softer they are; so an H9 is very hard, and a B9 is very soft.
In terms of drawing, pencil “harness and softness” equate to lightness and darkness. A hard pencil will make a very faint, sharp grey line, while a soft pencil will make darker and less sharp mark. Pencil drawing is a matter of recording light and shade, so you need to use a range of lighter and darker pencils to capture tonal variations.
The range you choose is up to you, and dependant on the style of drawings you wish to make, but the “Bs” are suitable for most drawings. I would recommend the minimum of an “HB” (neither hard nor soft), B, 2B, 4B, 6B, and 9B.
The choice of paper again depends on type of drawings you wish to make, but generally, the best type of paper will be very smooth (e.g. cartridge paper). Paper quality is important. Imperfections in the surface of a smooth paper have a nasty habit of filling-in with graphite, and forming blotches.
Pencil work can require a fair amount of blending and reworking, so it is advisable to use a paper that is reasonably robust. My personal recommendation is that you use the heaviest weight paper you can – something that will stand-up to a bit of a battering.
Always apply pencil very lightly, and never press hard. The aim should be to float the graphite on the surface of the paper, and not to produce an engraving. Pressing hard will make the pencil mark darker, but it will also deform the paper. Far better results can be obtained by using a darker (softer) pencil lightly, when you need to draw darker areas. Altering the angle of the pencil to the paper can help if you tend to be heavy handed. Briefly, when the pencil is vertical to the paper, it’s easy to press down hard. Leaning the pencil reduces the amount of pressure than can be applied to its tip, and the least possible amount pressure is achieved when the pencil is leaned so far that is almost horizontal.
When shading an area, don’t randomly scrub the pencil back and forward in all directions. Try to apply pencil strokes in a uniform and specific direction. The best direction is often one that describes the shape of an object, so if shading something that is round, used curved strokes.
The hardest thing to do with pencil is lay down and area of flat and even shading. The problem is often that the pencil strokes overlap, with the result that the overlapping areas are darker. One way to avoid this is to always shade an area two or three times to achieve even coverage. So long as you use the correct grade of pencil lightly and consistently, you will not end-up with darker shading as a result. For example, three layers of B should not be as dark as one layer of B2 (but it should be smoother).
The usual approach with pencil is to work from dark to light. The reason for this is as described above, but this additionally acknowledges of the properties of pencil. Graphite is a lubricant. If you lay-down a very light shading first, you will find that this effectively lubricates the paper, and subsequent shading goes on more smoothly and fluidly. So, if you want to shade an area to a “B3” depth, don’t go straight in with the B3; build-up through two of three steps, say a B, a B2, and then a B3. If you wish to shade an area to B8 or B9 depth, similarly go through a few steps, but start with say a B6.
If you want to record really dark shades, it is possible to buy specialists’ pencils, darker than B9, or you can use a little charcoal. Graphite is shades of grey, and never black.
Time for a quick word about sharpening pencils. Most pencil drawing is a matter of recording areas light and shade; it’s not about “lines”, unless technical drawing is your thing. My advice is therefore – don’t sharpen your pencils too often. Shading is easier to do with a blunt pencil, so only sharpen when you need crisp detail (usually the finishing touches).
Blending is a vital pencil drawing technique. Blending is fundamentally smudging. Smudging can be used to smooth-out shading, and blend different pencil grades to produce a smooth tonal graduation.
Pencil smudges very easily due to the lubricating properties of graphite. You can do it with your fingers (although a little messy), Torchillons (paper stumps), and “Q-tips” (cotton buds on sticks found in most bathrooms) are very good for blending. Whatever you use, make your blending strokes directional rather than random.
An eraser can be very useful. It isn’t there to correct mistakes; it is necessary for cleaning-up (because pencil smudges so easily). The best type is a putty eraser. These are very soft and can be pinched into points or thin edges to take out tiny dots or thin lines of pencil from your picture, without doing any damage to the paper.
The final bit of equipment you like to use is a fixative spray. This stops the drawing from smudging once it is complete, but can also be used mid-drawing to prevent unwanted smudging. Don’t use hair spray (except on your hair): use a purpose made fixative, and don’t over do it (a light spray is enough).
Extensive Job Opportunities are Available for Marine Engineer
Over 70% of the earth is hydrosphere and the importance of waterways cannot be undermined. In fact, job of marine engineer is one of the most exciting and challenging fields for people who are passionate about sea and are desirous of working in the environment. Importance in Freight Services While the passenger use of waterways has substantially reduced due to expansion and affordability of airways, it is freight for which the services are mostly used all over the world. Over 80% of the goods are transported through the waterways across the globe. In fact, waterways are the major means of transportation of goods at global levels. Nature of Job Basic features of the job of marine engineers are as follows. It deals with nautical architecture and science subjects.Marine engineering involves research carried out in ocean, inland waters, or coastal belts.Task of the marine engineer is construction and maintenance of ships as well as other sailing vessels.Interrelated Professions Three professions are interrelated for the marine engineer. Naval architecture, involving basic designs for the ships including hull forms, power, structure, stability, and such other issues.Marine engineering, involving complete responsibilities of the technical aspects of the ship. Machineries, engines, turbines, mechanical apparatus, electrical apparatus, and fluid management are all part of their job. Construction, maintenance and smooth operation of engine room is their most important contribution to the ship management.Ocean engineering, involving study of the environment in the ocean and determining its effects on the ships, marine vehicles and different structures. Designing and operating stationary ocean platforms or manning sub surface vehicles for deep sea exploitation are their specific jobs.Basic Features Marine engineers are members of the crew of the ship in charge of management of the team of marine technicians as well as the craftspeople. With the technological improvement in recent years, the role of marine engineer has taken a wider perspective. Education and Training Basic academic qualification and training required for the marine engineers include – 4-year BE course is the basic academic qualification.It is basically an offshore job and extensive training is required.Remunerations are very lucrative.Immense job opportunities for marine engineers exist in public sectors and private sectors. While the defense and public shipping corporations use their services extensively, private shipping companies and other organizations also offer substantial employment opportunities for them.
About the Author
At state university website people desirous of becoming marine engineer will find information on various aspects like job specification, academic and technical requirements and various job opportunities available. A comprehensive university directory it will also indicate quality academies imparting training for aspirant candidates.
Marine Engineering- All that you want to know to become a Marine Engineer...
A medical engineers view on suitable NICU and SCBU baby clothes
As an adult patient we rarely consider the clothes that we wear whilst we are in hospital. Even when the hospital gives you a loose fitting gown to wear for an operation or whilst they are placing monitoring equipment on to you as the patient do we really give much thought to the reasons behind their requests.
For premature and poorly babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit's (NICU) and Special Care Baby Unit's (SCBU) we show extra concern for the well being of the child and yet as concerned adults we sometimes miss the opportunity to make sure that the clothing they wear is really the best suited to the environment in which the baby is being cared for.
The majority of premature baby clothes do not allow for the easy access required for staff and for the medical devices that constantly monitor a poorly babies condition. As a medical engineer these devices are then on occasion reported faulty and then must be repaired and fully tested by the Electro-Biomedical Engineering Department (EBME) or in some instances by external companies contracted to look after the devices. This can cause delays if there are no spare units available or that the staff are unable to locate spare monitor and sensor leads for the equipment.
How can the monitor and sensor leads become damaged?
The leads must be deformed through a tight radius and pushed or pulled in to position on clothes that are not specifically designed to allow easy access. Over time the constant flexing and re-flexing of the leads causes internal damage. The equipment may as a result start to give inaccurate readings, of which the staff are unaware. This causes possible concern when there is no real need, or of NOT raising an alarm when one is perhaps required. If the device leads break completely internally then a fault is more apparent, however, until the staff are able to fit new monitoring leads to the baby and test equipment there is no way of knowing if the error is the leads or with the device it self. This results in more disturbance of the poorly baby, more concern and worry for the parents and more concern and stress for the medical staff involved. To minimise the possibility of such issues arising it would be 'best practice' to have the premature or poorly baby wearing clothes that eliminate or greatly reduce such occurrences.
Well designed premature baby clothes like those offered by Prem2Pram are designed and manufactured after consulting with the NICU and SCBU staff of local hospitals as well as discussions with a range of medical engineers some of whom have nearly 30 years experience in the EBME field. The ideas and suggestions from all the staff involved across different aspects of the babies care have been considered and implemented to offer a range of premature baby clothes that are comfortable, stylish and as medical environment friendly as possible.
As a grandparent of a premature baby and as a medical engineer with family and friends with over half a century of EBME experience I can wholeheartedly suggest to all parents of premature and poorly babies to think carefully about the clothes that they use whilst in hospital and recommend the parents to consider the range of premature, NICU and SCBU clothes offered by suppliers such as Prem2Pram. A little extra care taken in advance can save so much stress and anxiety for everyone involved, from baby to hospital staff, from parents to grandparents and even family friends.
About the Author
Sue Edmondson runs Prem2Pram the online premature baby store http://www.prem2pram.co.uk as the wife of a medical engineer and the mother of two premature babies she understands the difficulties parents face when their baby arrives early.
